Fragmentos de Auditoria, Contabilidade e Fiscalidade

Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, absorption costing, excess inventory

2012-02-05T08:02:00.000-08:00

Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, absorption costing, excess inventory

Pages - Global IIA Home

2011-12-01T15:50:00.000-08:00

Pages - Global IIA Home

Antena 1 - Entrevista a João Pedro Martins

2011-11-27T10:22:00.000-08:00

Antena 1 - Entrevista a João Pedro Martins

Encerramento de uma etapa

2011-03-11T15:07:00.000-08:00

Relato Fiscal e Financeiro

Nova Revista

2010-06-13T16:10:00.000-07:00

Nova Revista

2010-02-18T16:10:00.000-08:00

No secção "Revistas" foi adicionada a:

International Journal of Accounting Information Systems

Developed articles that examine the rapidly evolving relationship between accounting and information technology. Articles may range from empirical to analytical, from practice-based to the development of new techniques, but must be related to problems facing the integration of accounting and information technology. The journal will address (but will not limit itself to) the following specific issues: control and auditability of information systems; management of information technology; artificial intelligence research in accounting; development issues in accounting and information systems; human factors issues related to information technology; development of theories related to information technology; methodological issues in information technology research; information systems validation; human–computer interaction research in accounting information systems. The journal welcomes and encourages articles from both practitioners and academicians.
Hide Aims & Scope

Will a departure from tax-based accounting encourage tax noncompliance? Archival evidence from a transition economy

2010-02-18T15:49:00.000-08:00

Autores: K. Hung Chan, Kenny Z. Lin and Phyllis L.L. Mo

Abstract

We investigate whether a departure from a tax-based accounting system toward the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards encourages tax noncompliance. We also examine whether such a departure, which weakens book-tax conformity, affects the informativeness of book-tax differences for tax noncompliance. Our evidence suggests that as book-tax conformity decreases, tax noncompliance increases. Although book-tax differences remain informative of tax noncompliance, the informativeness attenuates as book-tax conformity weakens. Additionally, firms with high incentives to inflate book income are more tax compliant than their counterparts after the departure from a tax-based accounting system.

Keywords: Book-tax differences; IFRS; Informativeness of book-tax differences; Tax-based accounting system; Tax noncompliance.

Este artigo foi aceite para publicação no Journal of Accounting and Economics e é relativo à China.

Existirá alguma semelhança com Portugal?

The Tax Foundation - Educating Taxpayers Since 1937

2010-02-10T13:33:00.000-08:00

The Tax Foundation - Educating Taxpayers Since 1937

Enterprise Resource Planning

2010-02-06T14:34:00.000-08:00

Cuidado com a frivolidade dos argumentos

2010-02-06T02:31:00.000-08:00

friv_tax

É com este tipo de documentos que também se aumenta a eficiência da justiça, medida, por exemplo, na dimensão da morosidade.

Fica claro que quem escolher determinados argumentos para litigar terá consequências financeiras.

Predicting Material Accounting Misstatements

2010-01-31T16:47:00.000-08:00

Patricia M. Dechow
University of California, Berkeley - Haas School of Business

Weili Ge
University of Washington - Michael G. Foster School of Business

Chad R. Larson
Washington University, St. Louis

Richard G. Sloan
Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley

November 16, 2009

AAA 2008 Financial Accounting and Reporting Section (FARS) Paper

Abstract:

We examine 2,190 SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs) issued between 1982 and 2005. We obtain 676 firms that are alleged to have misstated their quarterly or annual financial statements. We examine the characteristics of misstating firms along five dimensions: accrual quality; financial performance; non-financial measures; off-balance sheet activities; and market-based measures. We compare misstating firms to themselves during non-misstatement years and misstating firms to the broader population of all publicly listed firms. The results reveal that during misstatement years, accruals and cash and credit sales are unusually high, while return on assets and the number of employees are declining. In addition, misstating firms finance more of their assets through operating leases and have relatively less PP&E. We find that market pressures appear to affect incentives to misstate. Misstating firms are raising new financing, have higher market-to-book ratios, and strong prior stock price performance. We develop a model to predict accounting misstatements. The output of this model is a scaled logistic probability that we term the F-Score, where values greater than one suggest a greater likelihood of a misstatement.

Did Fair-Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?

2009-12-10T14:19:00.000-08:00

Christian Laux
Goethe University Frankfurt

Christian Leuz
University of Chicago - Booth School of Business; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI); University of Pennsylvania - Wharton Financial Institutions Center

October 12, 2009

Chicago Booth Research Paper 09-38
ECGI - Finance Working Paper No. 266/2009

Abstract:
The recent financial crisis has led to a major debate about fair-value accounting. Many critics have argued that fair-value accounting, often also called mark-to-market accounting, has significantly contributed to the financial crisis or, at least, exacerbated its severity. In this paper, we assess these arguments and examine the role of fair-value accounting in the financial crisis using descriptive data and empirical evidence. Based on our analysis, it is unlikely that fair-value accounting added to the severity of the 2008 financial crisis in a major way. While there may have been downward spirals or asset-fire sales in certain markets, we find little evidence that these effects are the result of fair-value accounting. We also find little support for claims that fair-value accounting leads to excessive writedowns of banks’ assets. If anything, empirical evidence to date points in the opposite direction, that is, towards overvaluation of bank assets.

Novo link

2009-10-31T05:28:00.000-07:00

Na secção "Research" foi adicionado o link para a página da European Audit Research Network.

Combate à Fraude ao IVA na UE: Estado da Arte

2009-10-31T03:01:00.000-07:00

Ec.europa.eu Taxation Customs Taxation Tax Cooperation r

Crime de "Colarinho Branco"

2009-10-22T05:09:00.000-07:00

in.news.Yahoo.com 139 20091014 888 Twl-researchers-spell

Parece que o IVA vai chegar aos EUA... E em Portugal, vai-se fazer o quê?

2009-10-09T16:33:00.000-07:00

Tax Governance Institute Webcast

Will the U.S. Adopt a Value-added Tax (VAT)?

Date: Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Time: 1:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. (ET)
Format: Live Video Webcast

Projected federal budget deficits are leading tax policy makers to look for additional revenue sources. Alan Greenspan has said, "I think that there is a fairly significant probability that the least worst solution to the [budget] problem will end up to be a value-added tax, because it's the only thing that raises revenue in significant quantities without significantly impacting on the economy."

The Tax Governance Institute will devote its next video Webcast session to an examination of the question whether the United States will adopt a VAT as a new revenue source. The session will examine the country’s revenue needs; discuss why a VAT, as compared to other consumption taxes, could be a likely new revenue source; compare existing VAT systems in other countries, review the Canadian experience in structuring and implementing a VAT; and review other realistic options for the United States.

Moderated by Hank Gutman, Director of the Tax Governance Institute, KPMG LLP and former chief of staff on the Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation, panelists will include Richard Bird, Professor Emeritus and Associate of the International Institute of Business, Rotman School of Management, and Senior Fellow, Institute for Municipal Finance and Governance, Munk Centre for International Affairs, the University of Toronto; Bill Gale, the Arjay and Frances Miller Chair in Federal Economic Policy in the Economic Studies Program at the Brookings Institution; Wally Hellerstein, the Francis Shackelford Professor of Taxation, University of Georgia Law School; and

Harley Duncan, Managing Director, Washington National Tax, KPMG LLP, and former executive director of the Federation of Tax Administrators.

Para quando uma Directiva relativa ao inposto sobre o rendimento?

2009-10-09T16:23:00.000-07:00

Brussels, 8 October 2009

Corporate taxation: Commission refers the United Kingdom to the European Court of Justice over improper implementation of an ECJ ruling on cross-border loss relief

The European Commission has decided to refer the United Kingdom to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for improper implementation of the ECJ ruling in Marks & Spencer on cross-border loss relief. The relevant UK legislation imposes conditions on cross-border group loss relief which make it virtually impossible for tax payers to benefit from such relief. The relevant provisions are incompatible with the right of establishment provided for in Articles 43 and 48 of the EC Treaty and Articles 31 and 34 of the EEA Agreement .

In the Marks & Spencer ruling (Case C-446/03 of 13 December 2005) the Court ruled that it is disproportionate to prohibit a UK parent company from deducting the losses of its non-resident subsidiary, when the latter has exhausted all possibilities for relief in its State of establishment. Following this ruling, the UK should in principle grant relief for definitive losses of a subsidiary established in another Member State.

However, although the legislation has been amended, the UK continues to impose conditions on cross-border group loss relief which in practice make it impossible or virtually impossible for the taxpayer to benefit from such relief in accordance with the judgment in Marks & Spencer. This in particular concerns the following aspects:

An unnecessarily restrictive interpretation of the condition that there should be no possibility of use of the loss in the State of the subsidiary (paragraph 7 of Schedule 18A of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act (ICTA) 1988);

The parent company should demonstrate that the condition that there should be no possibility of use of the loss in the State of the subsidiary is met as from immediately after the end of the accounting period in which the loss arises ( Part 1, paragraph 7(4), of Schedule 18A ICTA 1988);

the legislation states that it applies only to losses incurred after 1 April 2006 ( Part 3 of Schedule 1 of the Finance Act 2006).

According to the Commission, these conditions render the UK legislation incompatible with the freedom of establishment, guaranteed by Articles 43 and 48 of the EC Treaty and Articles 31 and 34 of the EEA Agreement.

The Commission's case reference number is 2007/4026.

Press releases on infringement proceedings in the field of taxation and the customs union can be consulted at:

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/infringements/infringement_cases/index_en.htm

The latest general information on infringement proceedings against Member States can be found at:

http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/index_en.htm

For the press releases issued on infringement procedures in the taxation or customs area see:

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/infringements/infringement_cases/index_en.htm

For the latest general information on infringement measures against Member States see:

http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/infringements/infringements_en.htm

Conferência...

2009-10-09T15:54:00.000-07:00

IRS and GWU Host 22nd Annual International Tax Conference

WASHINGTON — Senior law professors from the George Washington University Law School will join with officials from the Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service and representatives of the tax authorities of foreign governments to discuss significant tax compliance and treaty issues at the 22nd Annual Institute on Current Issues in International Taxation.

The two-day program will be held on Dec. 10 and 11, 2009, at the J.W. Marriott Hotel located at 1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C.

Those interested in attending can find out more about the topics, speakers and registration from the GWU Law School.

The program is designed primarily for corporate tax executives responsible for international tax matters, tax counsels of domestic and foreign multinational corporations, lawyers working in the international tax area and accounting firm partners and managers working in the international tax area.

The conference has been arranged to provide opportunities for lively exchanges between members on the panels who represent government, academia and the private sector and to offer question and answer periods with members of the audience. It will include the perennial ‘Ask the IRS’ session where senior IRS officials respond to questions from the audience.

The conference is further described in Announcement 2009-77.

Um Óptimo Artigo de Síntese

2009-10-04T01:46:00.000-07:00

Why Tax Matters for Development - OECD Observer

Regime Simplificado

2009-10-03T02:26:00.000-07:00

Acórdão do STA de 20090930

Por vezes, o tentar obter um valor mais elevado de liquidação adicional incorpora o risco de um Tribunal anular essa liquidação.

Analisando este Acórdão, conclui-se que se a correcção ao lucro tributável fosse efectuada de acordo com o regime simplificado de determinação do lucro tributável em IRC - regime que abrangia a impugnante/recorrente - o Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (STA) manteria na ordem jurídica a liquidação feita nesses termos.

Como o apuramento do lucro tributável foi feito de acordo com o regime geral de apuramento do lucro tributável, a liquidação adicional € 369.352,88 foi anulada pelo STA.

Um momento importante para mim

2009-09-23T14:16:00.001-07:00

Paper IJA

Tentar publicar numa revista académica internacional (com peer review) é um processo longo, com muitas contrariedades e desilusões pelo caminho.

Ao fim de algumas conferências e muitas alterações desde a proposta inicial, conseguimos finalmente a publicação.

Lamento não poder publicar a versão completa.

Revista Fiscal Studies

2009-09-23T14:00:00.000-07:00

Na secção "Revistas" foi adicionado o link para a Fiscal Studies

Scott Dyreng

2009-09-20T03:42:00.000-07:00

Foi adicionada na secção "Professores" a webpage de Scott Dyreng.

E os professores portugueses das áreas do conhecimento sobre que se debruça este blog? Por onde andam as webpages deles...

Para já ainda só encontrei a do Prof. Saldanha Sanches.

E em Portugal, como é?

2009-09-19T04:09:00.001-07:00

Corporate manager aggressiveness in tax decision-making
by Zuber, Jill M., Ph.D., University of Arkansas, 2007 , 128 pages; AAT 3292662

Abstract (Summary)

"The Government Accountability Office has estimated that federal coffers have been deprived of $33 billion [in uncollected tax revenues] over the last 10 years by abusive tax shelters identified by the government" (Browning 2004, C-1). The Internal Revenue Services' approach of disallowing tax transactions is reactive, haphazard, and resource intensive. How much tax revenue has the U.S. government lost due to aggressive tax decision-making through potentially controversial tax choices not identified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)? The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of (1) organizational culture, (2) commitment to the organization, and (3) risk and ambiguity on corporate manager aggressiveness in tax decision-making. Within the corporate environment, tax decisions are made on behalf and in the economic interest of the corporate taxpayer. Engaging in transactions or methods (tax shelters) that maximize after-tax returns, but are unintended by the law, illustrate aggressiveness in tax decisions. Tax choices can be classified as tax avoidance (legitimate means of reducing taxes that are specifically prescribed and endorsed by Congress), tax evasion (an illegal tax reducing method that is specifically disallowed by tax law, IRS regulations, or judicial precedent or the reporting of more deductions and/or less income than actually occurred), or as gray area choices. Tax choices exist in a gray area when they are not adequately described as either tax avoidance or tax evasion. For example, gray area choices are tax deductions that are not explicitly disallowed by tax law but are also not specifically allowed. For purposes of this study, gray area tax choices are defined as tax aggressiveness.

The purpose of the first study is to investigate the influence of organizational culture on corporate manager aggressiveness in tax decisions. Managers do not operate independently; they are affected by their environment, what others do, and their perceptions of what is acceptable by society, like minded professionals, other managers in the organization, and their organization's culture. The effect of organizational culture on tax decision-making is an important topic as pressure exists within corporate America to maximize after-tax profits and the IRS continues to disallow tax shelters taken by corporate taxpayers. Using an experimental task, 58 MBA students classified an asset for tax depreciation purposes. The results indicate that subjects assigned to an aggressive organizational culture make more aggressive tax choices than subjects assigned to a non-aggressive culture. Further, subjects in the non-aggressive culture treatment group consider their personal attitude towards taking risk in addition to the culture when making tax choices.

The purpose of the second study is to examine whether an individual's commitment (identification and attachment) to the organization amplifies or diminishes the effect of culture on aggressive tax decision-making. Theory suggests that individuals who are highly committed to the organization will make decisions that are aligned with the organizational culture. However, the results of this study indicate that individuals with low commitment make decisions aligned with their organization's culture. Regardless of their commitment to the organization, individuals in an aggressive culture make more aggressive tax decisions than those in a non-aggressive culture.

The purpose of the third study is to investigate the influence of environment ambiguity, risk, and tolerance of ambiguity on corporate manager aggressiveness in tax decision-making. Seventy-eight senior accounting students and graduate accounting students made a tax decision from three transfer pricing choices provided in an experimental task. Theory suggests individuals operating in ambiguous environments make conservative (unconservative) decisions because they overestimate (underestimate) the level of risk when it is low (high). The overall results of this study indicate that individuals are not impacted by ambiguity when making tax choices. However, the individual's assessment of risk is impacted by ambiguity when the risk of a particular tax choice is low. The tax choices and assessments of risk are not influenced by the individuals' tolerance of ambiguity. However, the importance of the magnitude of tax savings to individuals did differentiate those choosing the low risk tax choice from those choosing an aggressive tax choice. Finally, two new measures, intent of rules observance and tax aggressiveness as the norm, are developed and their influence on aggressive tax decision-making is explored.

This dissertation examines three potential causes, (1) organizational culture, (2) commitment to the organization, and (3) risk and ambiguity of corporate manager aggressiveness in tax decision-making. Collectively, this dissertation contributes to the literature by exploring antecedents and broadening our understanding of aggressive tax decisions made on behalf of corporate taxpayers.

Procedimento de inspecção

2009-09-12T03:50:00.000-07:00

Acordão do TCAS - Inspecçõespdf

E as questões formais voltam a ganhar...

Para este caso em concreto, será a questão controvertida suficiente forte para gerar a anulabilidade?

Não teve o sujeito passivo oportunidade de demonstrar a integridade do sistema informático? Essa sim, a questão central na busca da verdade fiscal, à qual foi alheia a decisão judicial.

Internal Revenue Service no Youtube

2009-08-26T11:02:00.000-07:00

As dicas da administração fiscal norte-americana

Vídeo retirado daqui.

Qualidade da Contabilidade e IAS/IFRS

2009-08-24T13:57:00.000-07:00

Earnings Quality and IFRS
Também partilho esta opinião de que é o contexto institucional que terá influência determinante na qualidade das demonstrações financeiras.

Conformidade contabilístico-fiscal

2009-08-21T11:25:00.000-07:00

Conheço algumas pessoas que defendem uma separação entre o relato financeiro e o relato fiscal, dando como exemplo a realidade norte-americana onde existe uma baixa conformidade (sistema dual), argumentando que os objectivos da fiscalidade são diferentes dos objectivos do relato financeiro.

Todavia, nos Estados Unidos têm surgido alguns papers que apelam a uma maior conformidade, pois a mesma poderá contribuir para uma maior qualidade do relato financeiro.

Com exemplo, transcrevo o seguinte resumo:

Title: Book–Tax Conformity: Implications for Multinational Firms
Authors: Michelle Hanlon, Edward L. Maydew
Citation: 62 National Tax Journal 127-53 (March 2009)

Abstract: This paper examines the implications for multinational firms of recent proposals to conform tax and financial reporting (i.e., book–tax conformity). Proponents of book–tax conformity argue that the current dual system in the U.S. allows firms to simultaneously manage their taxable income downward while managing their book income upward. By requiring book–tax conformity, they contend that firms will be forced to trade off reporting high earnings numbers to shareholders and reporting low earnings to the taxing authority, resulting in improved financial reporting and less tax avoidance. Reduced compliance costs and easier auditing have also been cited as potential benefits of book–tax conformity. However, before one can evaluate the costs and benefits of book–tax conformity it is necessary to understand international implications of conformity, particularly regarding the foreign operations of U.S. multinationals. We describe several possible approaches to implementing book–tax conformity for firms that have both domestic and foreign operations. We discuss issues likely to arise with each approach and conjecture at the behavioral responses to each. Using firm–level financial data from Compustat, we simulate the effects of book–tax conformity on publicly traded U.S. firms. Specifically, we simulate the effects of book–tax conformity on the level and variability of tax payments/collections.

Sociedades de Profissionais

2009-08-20T05:40:00.000-07:00

Aqui está um bom artigo de síntese sobre o tema:

Transparência fiscal

Uma voz discordante

2009-08-19T12:01:00.001-07:00

Com o novo referencial contabilístico, o Sistema de Normalização Contabilística, que aí vem é bom lembrar que o mesmo pode ser objecto de severas críticas, como aquelas que o Professor Rogério Fernandes Ferreira desfere neste artigo.

File 0001

Pessoalmente, penso que era possível transpor as normas internacionais de contabilidade para Portugal respeitando a terminologia anteriormente existente, com o seu significado na língua portuguesa.

IVA: Acórdão sobre direito à dedução

2009-08-04T16:59:00.000-07:00

Cada vez mais me convenço que o IVA é um imposto onde prevalece o "princípio da forma sobre a substância".

Acórdão sobre ajudas de custo

2009-08-01T04:29:00.001-07:00

The European Corporation

2009-08-01T03:03:00.000-07:00

Foi publicado na secção "Trabalhos do Blogger" um ensaio sobre o livro "The European Corporation".

Curso sobre a Directiva do IVA

2009-07-23T14:27:00.001-07:00

Encontra-se disponível aqui um curso gratuito sobre a Directiva 2006/112/CE organizado pela Comissão Europeia.

Boa formação!

ITR de Julho Agosto de 2009

2009-07-09T10:04:00.000-07:00

Portugal: Taxing times - bonus payments
Garrigues
Paulo Núncio

The Portuguese government recently approved a Bill, yet to be voted in Parliament, which establishes a special taxation on bonuses paid out by companies to any executive ceasing their contract.
Under the taxation regime now, when an employee (including executives) receives a bonus for ceasing their work in a company, the amount not exceeding one and half times the average salary received in the past 12 months (multiplied by the number of years working in the company) is not subject to personal income tax (PIT).
According to the Bill, the full amount of bonuses paid to executives due to the termination of their contracts will be subject to taxation. In addition, the company will be subject to a penalty tax of 35% on such expenses, unless these bonuses are related to productivity objectives agreed before with executives.
The Portuguese government has justified the measure by appealing to the current economic crisis, blaming executives for increasing company risk exposure because of inadequate payment packages, which allegedly benefit short term gains to the detriment of long term company viability.
Besides the fact that it implies government's direct interference in companies' employment policies, this Bill raises a serious constitutional question since it appears to be a legislation directed at punishing particular individuals.
Indeed, two basic principles that animated the Portuguese constitution appear not to have been taken in consideration. One holds that tax must apply equally to all taxpayers taking into account their net income.
The other one clearly prohibits any discrimination, namely in terms of profession or economic activity. Due to limits to the tax powers of the government, a Bill that penalises a small group of individuals just because they are executives should have been prevented.
But unfortunately that was not the case. If Parliament approves such a Bill, it will be up to the courts – Constitutional Court included – to uphold this legislation. More than just a tax controversy, this Bill raises questions of equal treatment of taxpayers and non-discrimination of professions that must be addressed to preserve the rule of law, especially during crisis periods.

Paulo Núncio (paulo.nuncio@garrigues.com)

Portugal (Lisbon office)

Esta é uma daquelas medidas em que o Estado, através da Fiscalidade, procura melhorar o governo da empresa criando incentivos para uma melhor salvaguarda dos interesses de todos os stakeholders.

De notar que o Sr. Paulo Núncio nem uma palavra adiantou sobre esta motivação para a criação desta penalização fiscal aos prémios de saída dos gestores, os chamados golden parachutes.

Também gostaria de dizer que este tipo de tributação agravada existe em outros países, como os Estados Unidos.

The Corporate City

2009-07-01T12:43:00.000-07:00

The Corporate City will fall
Like a Babylon run by egotic managers
The Corporate City will open
Like a prison freeing up scared workers
The Corporate City will lose its grasp
On the heart and joy of human beings
Gray suits, cell phones, suitcases, second lives
Soon will all be vanishing.
For having forgotten dignity and respect
For adoring profits extracted by all means
For dividing, separating, putting to war
Those who need to unite, join together, and pacify
For destroying with contempt the beauty of nature
And alienating people to false needs, immature
For lack of humility, for lack of humanity
Soon, will be gone, the Corporate City!

Poema de Florence Palpacuer, Professor, retirado daqui.

FMI: afinal a culpa da crise foi da Fiscalidade

2009-07-01T09:21:00.000-07:00

IMF blames tax for global financial crisis

International Tax Review --> -->

"Tax policies in advanced countries are likely to have contributed to the worldwide economic crisis, a report issued by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has said.
By favouring debt financing and encouraging the use of complex financial instruments and arrangements, the tax rules in place in many of the world's leading financial centre countries contributed to the ultimate collapse of the world's markets and financial structures, the report said.
IMF economists looked at the role played by tax policy in corporate finance, housing, complex financial arrangements, the use of low-tax jurisdictions and tax havens, risk taking, and the development of asset prices, all of which can have effects on the economy.
The study, titled Debt Bias and Other Distortions: Crisis-Related Issues in Tax Policy, draws a number of conclusions from a spectrum of country policies and practices."

Talvez o Fundo Monetário Internacional esteja a dar importância a mais aos impostos.

David A. Weisbach

2009-06-24T04:11:00.000-07:00

Da matemática para o direito e a integração destas duas ciências.

Jared Moore - uma referência a acompanhar

2009-06-21T08:45:00.000-07:00

Jared Moore

	Mary Ellen Phillips Assistant Professor of Accounting Department: Accounting Office: Bx 224E Phone: 541-737-2517 Email: jared.moore@bus.oregonstate.edu
Jared Moore

Biography:

Jared Moore is an assistant professor of accounting in the College of Business at Oregon State University. He joined the accounting faculty in 2006 after completing his doctoral studies in accounting at Arizona State University. He also holds B.S. (Accountancy) and Master of Taxation degrees from Arizona State University and is licensed as a certified public accountant (Arizona). Prior to his doctoral studies, Professor Moore worked for seven years in the private sector, specializing mainly in financial accounting and business and individual taxation. Professor Moore's research has been published in The Journal of the American Taxation Association. He is a member of the American Accounting Association, the American Taxation Association, and the Oregon Society of CPAs and has served on committees for the American Taxation Association. His teaching interests are in the areas of financial accounting and taxation; and his research interests include the interaction between taxes and corporate business decisions, financial and tax reporting tradeoffs, tax reporting aggressiveness and earnings management/manipulation, and federal and state tax policy issues. Professor Moore and his wife Heather have one daughter (Maya), and he enjoys music, the outdoors, movies, golf, and traveling.

Fonte

Petro Lisowsky

2009-06-14T10:31:00.000-07:00

Foi adicionada na secção respectiva a página de Petro Lisowsky

Michelle Hanlon

2009-06-13T04:35:00.000-07:00

Na secção respectiva foi adicionada a página de Michelle Hanlon

Sonja O. Rego

2009-06-13T03:48:00.000-07:00

Na secção "Professores" foi adicionada a página de Sonja O. Rego

Nova revista

2009-06-09T14:29:00.000-07:00

Foi adicionada na respectiva secção a revista Accounting, Organizations and Society.

Uma perspectiva mais social de observar o fenómeno contabilístico que talvez sirva para efectuar bons contrastes com a visão económica da contabilidade.

Contra a corrente

2009-06-07T15:59:00.000-07:00

Abstract:

Tax havens have attracted increasing attention from policy-makersin recent years. This paper provides an overview of a growingbody of research that analyses the consequences and determinantsof the existence of tax-haven countries. For instance, recentevidence suggests that tax havens tend to have stronger governanceinstitutions than comparable non-haven countries. Most importantly,tax havens provide opportunities for tax planning by multinationalcorporations. It is often argued that tax havens erode the taxbase of high-tax countries by attracting such corporate activity.However, while tax havens host a disproportionate fraction ofthe world's foreign direct investment (FDI), their existenceneed not make high-tax countries worse off. It is possible that,under certain conditions, the existence of tax havens can enhanceefficiency and even mitigate tax competition. Indeed, corporatetax revenues in major capital-exporting countries have exhibitedrobust growth, despite substantial FDI flows to tax havens.

Fonte: Dharmapala, D. (2008), "What problems and opportunities are created by tax havens?", OREP, Vol. 24, Nº 4, pp. 661-679.

Nova revista

2009-06-07T15:58:00.000-07:00

Na secção das revistas foi adicionado o link para a Oxford Review of Economic Policy

International Journal of Auditing

2009-06-06T05:21:00.000-07:00

Board Structure and Modified Audit Opinions: Evidence from the Portuguese Stock Exchange

ABSTRACT:

Prior research has found evidence that some characteristics of the board of directors influence the quality of financial reporting. In this study we extend the literature by analysing a different dimension of financial reporting quality, the probability of a firm receiving a modified audit opinion. To this end, we considered a sample of companies listed on Euronext Lisbon where, unlike the current situation in other markets such as the US, firms can publish financial statements not in accordance with GAAP. Using 171 firm-year observations for the period 2002–05, the evidence we report is consistent with the hypotheses that firms with more diligent and independent boards are less likely to receive a modified audit opinion. Results are robust to different specifications and also show that the existence of dividend payments, financial health, performance and growth opportunities are additional factors associated with the likelihood of a modified audit opinion. Our analysis also shows that the transition in 2005 to a reporting framework based on international accounting standards is strongly related with better financial reporting quality.

Declaração de interesses: Um dos autores do artigo referenciado neste post é também o autor deste blog.

Auditoria Forense

2009-05-07T15:42:00.000-07:00

Incompreensivelmente, a auditoria forense não merece muita atenção das escolas superiores portuguesas.

Talvez este esquema demonstre a existência deste importante campo de estudo (retirado de A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation).

Clique na imagem para ampliar.

Justo Valor

2009-05-07T15:39:00.000-07:00

Segundo esta notícia da Reuters a União Europeia e o IASB parecem estar num processo de divergência quanto à avaliação de determinadas categorias de activos e passivos de acordo com o modelo do justo valor.

Vamos ver no que isto vai dar.

Financial Stability Forum: Missão

2009-05-01T03:39:00.000-07:00

Na webpage do Financial Stability Forum consta a sua missão:

"The Financial Stability Forum (FSF) was convened in April 1999 to promote international financial stability through information exchange and international co-operation in financial supervision and surveillance."

Parece que falhou, tanto mais que na última reunião do G-20 (comunicado) foi declarada a intenção de o substituir pelo Financial Satability Board (FSB), que terá como um dos seus objectivos a regulação mundial do sistema financeiro.

Novo recurso

2009-04-28T13:57:00.000-07:00

No separador "Divulgação" foi adicionado um novo recurso: Accounting Education

Business for Social Responsability

2009-04-16T11:28:00.000-07:00

Penso que uma das consequências da crise em que vivemos será uma maior atenção das empresas à sua responsabilidade social, seja por regulação voluntária ou por imposição legal.

Neste link está um bom começo para quem se queira interessar por esta temática.

SSRN-Tax Compliance by Luigi Franzoni

2009-04-14T15:03:00.000-07:00

SSRN-Tax Compliance by Luigi Franzoni

Taxation Papers

2009-04-14T14:38:00.000-07:00

1. Corporate Effective Tax Rates in an Enlarged European Union

2. Corporate Income Taxes and Economic Distortions

3. International Taxation and Multinational Firm Location Decisions

Joost...

2009-04-10T11:03:00.000-07:00

<a href="http://www.joost.com/082sqe9/t/Flo-Rida-Right-Round-featuring-Ke-ha-International-Video">Flo Rida - Right Round [featuring Ke$ha] (International Video)</a>

Trabalho não declarado

2009-04-09T08:38:00.000-07:00

De acordo com a OCDE:

"Two billion people, or two- thirds of the global labour force, work in the informal sector. These workers receive low wages and have no formal contracts or benefits. Compounding matters, formal sector job loss is likely to increase during the current economic crisis. Is Informal Normal?, a new study by OECD Development Centre, provides evidence and guidance for policy makers on promoting more and better jobs for all."

Como será em Portugal? Será que existirão trabalhadores informais, por um lado, e por outro recebem subsídios do Estado (e.g., rendimento social de inserção, subsídio social de desemprego).

É que a remuneração agregada (do trabalho informal e dos subsídios eventualmente atribuídos) poderá ser bem superior do que a remuneração líquida de um trabalho formal, declarado às entidades públicas.

Tax and Corporate Governance

2009-04-06T15:46:00.000-07:00

Disto já se vai falando cada vez mais.

Tax Compliance and Tax Morale

2009-04-06T14:29:00.000-07:00

Fala-se pouco disto... Talvez não seja preciso.

Joost..

2009-04-04T10:27:00.001-07:00

<a href="http://www.joost.com/135u4cq/t/Ciara-featuring-Justin-Timberlake-Love-Sex-Magic">Ciara featuring Justin Timberlake - Love Sex Magic</a>

DISCURSO DE PAUL BOYLE

2009-04-04T09:52:00.000-07:00

Para que não existam expectativas erradas quando ao papel da contabilidade na sociedade, aqui está um óptimo contributo.

Gostei particularmente da seguinte parte, onde se assume claramente uma separação entre a contabilidade e a fiscalidade:

"There are, of course, special categories of user of financial statements (for example the tax authorities and the financial regulators) who have legal powers to require companies to provide them with precisely the information which they require for their particular information needs.

General purpose financial statements which are the product of applying accounting standards are unlikely to be wholly suitable for raising taxes, or determining how much it is prudent for a bank to lend. General purpose financial statements are even less likely to be suitable instruments for contributing to macro-economic stability, an aim which some people have advocated assigning to accounting."

IAS/IFRS e SNC

2009-04-01T10:37:00.000-07:00

Se estivermos atentos, rapidamente verificamos que as normas internacionais de contabilidade (IAS/IFRS) estão em permanente revisão e sujeitas a posições interpretativas (SIC/IFRIC).

Tendo em conta o Sistema de Normalização Contabilística que aí vem, que em boa parte mais não é do que uma tradução - nem sempre feliz - daquelas normas internacionais, será que o mesmo se vai rapidamente ajustar às alterações sistemáticas a que estão sujeitas as normas internacionais?

Veja-se um recente exemplo de projecto de alteração à norma internacional relativa aos impostos diferidos (IAS 12), a que corresponderá a norma contabilística e de relato financeiro (NCRF) 25:

IASB seeks comments on a proposed new standard on income tax accounting
31 March 2009

"The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) today published for public comment an exposure draft of a proposed new standard on the accounting for income tax. If adopted, the standard would replace the existing requirements in IAS 12 Income Taxes.

The proposed standard retains the basic approach to accounting for income tax, known as the temporary difference approach. The objective of that approach is to recognise now the future tax consequences of past events and transactions, rather than waiting until the tax is payable. Although the proposed standard retains the same principle, the IASB proposes to remove most of the exceptions in IAS 12, to simplify the accounting and strengthen the principle in the standard. In addition, the IASB proposes a changed structure for the standard that will make it easier to use."

O projecto pode ser consultado aqui.

Quem nos salva?

2009-03-28T11:00:00.001-07:00

Divulgação de Website

2009-03-23T15:25:00.000-07:00

Foi adicionada na secção respectiva a ligação para o website do Professor DHAMMIKA DHARMAPALA.

Basta ver as suas publicações para rapidamente se perceber que é uma referência incontornável na área da tributação das empresas.

"E o Povo, Pá?"

2009-03-22T16:45:00.000-07:00

Entidades sem Fins Lucrativos: Relatório da OCDE

2009-03-22T10:47:00.000-07:00

Pode ser aqui consultado um relatório elaborado pela OCDE relativo à utilização das entidades sem fins lucrativos (e.g. associações, IPSS's, fundações) para actividades de evasão e fraude fiscal e branqueamento de capitais ("lavagem de dinheiro").

O relatório alerta para o crescente risco associado à utilização destas entidades com intuitos criminosos, evidenciando um conjunto de indicadores de risco e boas práticas que as autoridades dos respectivos países responsáveis pelas auditorias e investigações fiscais devem ter presentes.

Na página 16 do relatório é descrita a estratégia de investigação e detecção em curso no nosso país para a detecção dos referidos ilícitos criminais, que se resume a um cruzamento de dados constantes das declarações fiscais dos beneficiários dos donativos e dos doadores.

No anexo 1 consta o questionário ao qual os países envolvidos no estudo responderam.

A Gestão de Topo Cria Valor para os Accionistas?

2009-03-18T16:08:00.000-07:00

Em Hoskisson et al. (1993) é referido o seguinte quanto aos gestores de topo que me parece perfeitamente ajustado ao que se tem passado em determinadas empresas nos tempos recentes (p. 276):

"Both agency and managerial theorists argue that corporate managers seek to maximize a utility function that contains status, power, security, and income as its central elements. Maximizing such a utility function is argued to create a preference for inefficient "empire building" diversification at the expense of profit maximization."

Medida anti-crise (a sério)

2009-03-16T15:11:00.000-07:00

Em Portugal, nos termos do artigo 47.º do Código do IRC, os prejuízos fiscais de um determinado exercício só podem ser deduzidos aos lucros tributáveis dos seis exercícios seguintes (este é o regime regra, pois as entidades que beneficiem dos incentivos fiscais à interioridade vêm aquela possibilidade de reporte alargada para sete anos).

Verifica-se que um prejuízo fiscal pode ser deduzido a lucros tributáveis futuros mas não a passados, originando o reembolso de IRC pago em exercícios anteriores (exercícios abrangidos pelo eventual reporte retroactivo).

Pois, nos EUA existe agora isto:

Issue Number: IR-2009-026 Inside This Issue

New Law Extends Net Operating Loss Carryback for Small Businesses; IRS To Ensure Refunds Paid Timely Washington –

"The Internal Revenue Service announced today that small businesses with deductions exceeding their income in 2008 can use a new net operating loss tax provision to get a refund of taxes paid in prior years. To accommodate the change in tax law, the IRS today updated the instructions for two key forms – Forms 1045 and 1139 -- that small businesses can use to make use of the special carryback provision for tax year 2008. These forms are used to accelerate the payment of refunds. The new provision, enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, enables small businesses with a net operating loss (NOL) in 2008 to elect to offset this loss against income earned in up to five prior years. Typically, an NOL can be carried back for only two years. The IRS released legal guidance today in Revenue Procedure 2009-19 outlining specific details. Some taxpayers must make the election to use this special carryback by April 17, 2009. “The new net operating loss provisions could throw a lifeline to struggling businesses, providing them with a quick infusion of cash,” said IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman. “We want to make it as easy as possible for small businesses to take advantage of these key tax benefits.” With the economic downturn and the new law, the IRS expects record numbers of small businesses to be eligible for the refunds (...)."

USA: Tabelas de Retenção na Fonte

2009-02-27T15:40:00.000-08:00

Para quem acha que as tabelas de retenção na fonte de IRS (categorias A e H) são complexas que dê uma espreitadela nestas.

Que tal?

TAX GAP DATABASE

2009-02-21T10:42:00.000-08:00

O jornal The Guardian desenvolveu uma investigação relativa à tributação efectiva das empresas que fazem parte do FTSE 100.

A investigação pode ser consultada aqui.

O Caso UBS: Acto Final

2009-02-21T09:08:00.000-08:00

Numa notícia desta semana do The Economist consta o seguinte:

"UBS agreed to provide American authorities with the names of some 250 clients who used the Swiss bank to shield their money from America’s tax regime. This forms part of a settlement in a criminal investigation alleging that UBS enticed the super-wealthy to open accounts protected by Switzerland’s secrecy rules; it is the first time that Swiss regulators have allowed a bank to disclose the identity of account-holders. UBS will also pay $780m to end the criminal case."

Parece então que o caso UBS aproxima-se do fim, demorando a sua resolução menos de um ano, se tivermos em conta a data das primeiras notícias que surgiram (em Julho de 2008 - aqui).

CNSA

2009-02-17T14:17:00.001-08:00

Aqui está o link para o Conselho Nacional de Supervisão de Auditoria.

Estamos ansiosos para ver este novo organismo publicar relatórios do género dos elaborados pelo Professional Oversight Board do Financial Reporting Council (aqui).

Ou será que este organismo irá ter dificuldades em divulgar publicamente as suas actividades de inspecção?

Vamos acompanhar...

PROBLEMA DE AGÊNCIA

2009-02-15T05:26:00.001-08:00

Já neste blog falamos sobre a exuberante fraude contabilística perpetrada na Satyam (aqui).

No The Economist é sugerido que uma das causas ligadas à fraude foi a estrutura de propriedade da empresa, de natureza piramidal, em que no cume da pirâmide aparecem normalmente famílias que, sem terem a totalidade das acções das empresas que se vão mostrando até à base da pirâmide (e são estas na base que normalmente se encontram admitidas à negociação num mercado regulamentado), têm o controlo total.

Esta situação é vista como um problema de agência, pois existe o risco de expropriação por parte dos accionistas maioritários em relação aos minoritários, uma vez que estes não exercem controlo sobre a gestão, sendo, nestes casos de estrutura accionista piramidal, o "entricheiramento" um fenómeno comum, devido à elevada probabilidade de insucesso de eventuais ofertas públicas de aquisição (takeovers).

Isto normalmente implica que só se tenham em conta os interesses dos accionistas que exercem o controlo em detrimento dos interesses dos accionistas minoritários, materializando-se, por exemplo, na não distribuição de dividendos ou em elevados salários e outros benefícios (fringe benefits) dos gestores ligados aqueles accionistas que controlam a maioria dos votos nas assembleias gerais.

Um bom estudo (porventura até já foi feito) seria analisar a estrutura de propriedade das empresas que estão cotadas na Euronext Lisbon, no sentido de verificar a existência ou não de "pirâmides accionistas".

É PRECISO ENCONTRAR RECEITAS

2009-02-15T03:22:00.000-08:00

A OCDE promove um debate sobre a recuperação económica, procurando encontrar soluções através da reflexão sobre as seguintes questões:

How to strengthen the global economy in the longer term?
How to restore confidence and stability in the financial system?
How to soften the impact of recession?
How to launch a new drive to raise corporate governance standards?
How to make international migration a win-win for sending and recipient countries?
What about green growth and climate change?
How to keep markets open for trade and investment?

Estas questões serão debatidas na conferência de 23-24 de Junho no centro de conferências da OCDE sito em:
2 rue André Pascal, 75116 Paris

Gostaria de ver a OCDE a discutir o seguinte:

Teve a OCDE alguma responsabilidade ou influência nesta crise económica e social global?

"CONVITE"

2009-02-07T02:57:00.000-08:00

Recebi por e-mail o seguinte "convite" da Câmara dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas (CTOC), cujo custo é de 50 euros (!):

"CONVITE
A responsabilidade civil extracontratual do Estado e demais entidades públicas

Caro(a) colega,

O Estado, representado pelos seus diversos serviços, está sujeito à observância de determinados comportamentos. Quando tal nãose verifica, pode ter que ressarcir os prejuízos, morais ou materiais, causados aos cidadãos ou entes jurídicos com quem serelaciona.
Através da Lei n.º 67/2007, de 31 de Dezembro, alterada pela Lei n.º 31/2008, de 17 de Junho, foi reformulado o conceito deresponsabilidade civil extracontratual do Estado e demais entidades públicas.
Sendo os Técnicos Oficiais de Contas os profissionais que lidam mais de perto com a administração fiscal, é-lhes fácil conferir opoder discricionário daquele serviço, nomeadamente na constituição de obrigações financeiras. Não obstante a reacção doscontribuintes no uso dos seus direitos, não raras vezes surgem consequências para os sujeitos passivos que lhes causam enormesprejuízos morais e materiais.

Quando confrontados com estas situações, ou outras que enquadrem figuras de abuso ou uso indevido das normas jurídicas, de que resultam danos para os sujeitos passivos, como é que podem e devem reagir os lesados?

A esta e a outras questões pretendemos dar resposta na conferência do próximo dia 20 do corrente, subordinada ao tema «Aresponsabilidade civil extracontratual do Estado e demais entidades públicas», no Europarque, em Santa Maria da Feira, cujoprograma está disponível no site. Para tal, está garantida a presença de um conjunto de especialistas em Direito que dissecará ospontos considerados mais pertinentes.

Para participar nesta iniciativa, deve proceder à inscrição no site da CTOC. O custo é de 50 euros. Para efeitos do Regulamento do Controle da Qualidade são atribuídos 12 créditos.

Com mais esta realização, a primeira em Portugal a provocar uma análise alargada sobre o tema, a CTOC tenta propiciar aosprofissionais um debate de extrema importância e de inegável mais-valia, convidando-o(a), desde já, a nele participar.

Com os melhores cumprimentos,

Lisboa, 5 de Fevereiro de 2009
O Presidente da Direcção

(A. Domingues Azevedo)"

No site da CTOC encontra-se o programa.

Parece-me que foi criado um novo "segmento de mercado" para os advogados. Esta lei é só uma demonstração que o legislador também cria indústrias, apesar das reservas do Presidente da República (o "regulador" da indústria), que emitiu um comunicado sobre esta "arriscada" lei, transcrevendo-se de seguida uma passagem do mesmo:

"O Presidente da República permanece convicto de que, no contexto específico do actual estado de desenvolvimento do País, o novo diploma continua a possuir disposições que comportam sérios riscos de perturbação do normal funcionamento dos serviços públicos e da actividade dos tribunais, tendo ainda consequências negativas para o equilíbrio financeiro do Estado, numa dimensão que, não sendo possível prever, será seguramente muito significativa. Desta forma, pode tornar-se, no futuro, mais difícil a resolução dos problemas que o País enfrenta."

O comunicado pode ser consultado aqui.

Doutrina: menos-valias em IRC

2009-01-27T15:55:00.000-08:00

Até 2003, as menos-valias realizadas com a alienação de partes de capital adquiridas a entidades que estejam em situação de relações especiais com a alienante, nos termos do artigo 58.º, n.º 4, do Código do IRC, não poderão ser desconsideradas do resultado fiscal, com a fundamentação de serem gastos dispensáveis nos termos do artigo 23.º, do Código do IRC.

É esta a doutrina fixada por este Acórdão do TCAS, que anulou uma correcção técnica no valor de cerca de € 40 milhões.

A decisão dos juízes não foi consensual, pois houve um voto vencido.

A partir de 2003, foram introduzidos os n.ºs 4, 5 e 6 ao artigo 23.º do Código do IRC, pela Lei n.º 32-B/2002, de 31 de Dezembro, que passou a excluir, sem admissão de prova de contrário, da formação do lucro tributável este tipo de menos-valias realizadas com a transmissão onerosa de partes de capital.

Estudo da OCDE (6)

2009-01-21T15:55:00.001-08:00

Cumprimento por meios electrónicos de obrigações declarativas relativas ao IVA:

Estudo da OCDE (5)

2009-01-21T15:51:00.000-08:00

Cumprimento de obrigações declarativas por meios electrónicos (imposto sobre pessoas colectivas):

Estudo da OCDE (4)

2009-01-21T15:44:00.001-08:00

Cumprimento de obrigações fiscais por meios electrónicos relativas ao IRS:

Estudo da OCDE (3)

2009-01-21T15:31:00.001-08:00

De acordo com este gráfico, podemos classificar as administrações fiscais da OCDE em termos de eficiência:
1 - As mais eficientes: Suíça, Suécia e Estados Unidos;
2 - As menos eficientes, porque apresentam um maior rácio de custos por 100 unidades de receita: República Eslovaca, Portugal e Bélgica.

Estudo da OCDE (2)

2009-01-21T15:24:00.000-08:00

Estudo da OCDE

2009-01-21T15:08:00.001-08:00

Pode consultar o estudo aqui.

Qual o futuro da CCCTB?

2009-01-20T15:15:00.000-08:00

Notícia da International Tax Review (ITR) de 20 de Janeiro:

"Common tax base plans on hold under new EU presidency

Joanna Faith

In another setback to the European Commission's campaign to introduce a harmonised corporate tax base across the EU, the Czech Republic has said that plans for the initiative will not progress during its six-month presidency.

"We will not address this issue during our presidency," finance minister Miroslav Kalousek said at a recent briefing on the Czech priorities for its presidency.

This obstacle is one of many the Commission has faced during its controversial campaign for a common consolidated corporate tax base (CCCTB). In September last year, Commissioner Laszlo Kovacs delayed the release of the legislative proposal saying there was still more work to be done. This was despite saying in October the previous year that he would present a proposal "after the summer break in 2008".

The previous French presidency also failed to move the project forward even though finance minister Christine Lagarde pledged action when France's presidency began in June.

Rumours suggest the Commission wants to wait until after the second Irish referendum on the Lisbon Treaty, scheduled to be held in October, before releasing a proposal. Ireland has been one of the most vocal member states opposing the CCCTB. In the first referendum last year, no campaigners claimed the initiative was a forerunner to a harmonised corporate tax rate across Europe which would threaten the country's 12.5% charge.

But tax advisers think the latest delay could be a sign the project is too complex.

"It's one of those grand ideas which is good in concept but when it comes to the nuts and bolts it's very difficult," said Fintan Clancy from the Irish law firm, Arthur Cox.

"There are 27 legal and accounting systems underlining all transactions. Then profits would have to be split between countries which would lead to great disagreement," he said.

Despite the campaign's setbacks, the Commission is still adamant it will produce a legislative draft.

"We are working on the impact assessment and we give it the necessary time before any proposal," said a Commission spokesperson.

But Clancy isn't sure about the validity of this comment.

"If the Commission can't assess the impact of something quickly, it's questionable if it's worth the effort," he said.

The uncertain economic situation could also cause problems for the CCCTB. "On a combined basis the consolidated tax base would increase Europe's competitiveness but there is also genuine competition between EU member states," said Sue Bonney from KPMG in the UK.

"Countries want their own investment. They have fiscal or potential fiscal deficits and they are scrapping for tax revenue wherever they can get it," she said."

Sobre a base tributária consolidada comum já haviamos tecido aqui um pequeno comentário.

FRAUDE CONTABILÍSTICA

2009-01-10T05:53:00.000-08:00

Foi revelada mais uma gigantesta fraude contabilística, desta vez na India (contas fasificadas em cerca de 1 bilião de dólares).

"Raju [presidente do conselho de administração da Satyam, empresa da área da informática e das tecnologias de comunicação e informação] confessed to filling the company's balance sheets with "fictitious" assets and "nonexistent" cash in an extraordinary letter to the company's board on Wednesday."

Agora chegou o momento de se encontrarem as causas, e penso que serão as mesmas do costume: os incentivos para a gestão alcançar objectivos de curto prazo; a flexibilidade permitida pelas normas contabilísticas; a indexação da remuneração da gestão de topo a medidas que dependem de constructos contabilísticos; falhas de auditoria; conflito de interesses; notação de risco; evitar supresas negativas ao nível dos resultados alcançados que afectem a cotação das acções.

Depois das causas teremos as soluções, que penso também como as do costume: mais regulação; mais regulação; mais regulação. E pública (feita pelo Estado), pois a regulação que era feita por organismos privados também falhou, como por exemplo nos EUA, em que a supervisão da profissão de auditor deixou de estar sob a alçada do AICPA e passou para o PCAOB, na sequência da aprovação do Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) de 2002.

E o Estado vai assim aumentando a sua dimensão e precisa de financiar estas suas novas funções e para se financiar precisa de cobrar mais impostos, e o resto da história não é preciso aqui discorrer.

Notícia do Yahoo Finance.

De acordo com a notícia, a empresa é cotada no Bolsa de Nova Iorque, estando portanto sujeita ao SOA de 2002, que foi uma resposta legislativa aos escândalos contabilísticos occoridos nos EUA, em empresas como a Enron e a Worldcom, contendo medidas muito exigentes ao nível do controlo interno das empresas (section 404) no sentido de prevenir este tipo de fraudes e a necessidade de ser elaborada uma certificação da veracidade da informação financeira pelos gestores de topo responsáveis por essa área (CEO e CFO) - section 303

Pelo facto de ter acções admitidas à negociação na NYSE tem que entregar na Securities and Exchange Commission (a CMVM lá do sítio) um conjunto de documentação, como este relatório anual (Form 20-F), onde consta a seguinte declaração do Sr. Raju:

"I, B Rama Raju, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Satyam Computer Services Limited;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting;

and

5. The company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated this August 08, 2008"

Será que o SOX falhou?

KPMG e os "Abrigos Fiscais" (Tax Shelters)

2009-01-06T14:27:00.000-08:00

Notícia da ITR de 2009-01-06:

"Three guilty in KPMG tax shelter trialInternational Tax Review

A US court has convicted two ex-KPMG executives and a lawyer of tax evasion in one of the biggest tax fraud cases ever.
John Larson and Robert Pfaff, together with Raymond Ruble - a onetime Sidley Austin partner – were found guilty, on December 17, of selling illegal tax shelters from 1996-2005 and depriving the US Treasury of at least $2 billion in revenue.
A fourth man, David Greenberg, was acquitted.
The case, which began in 2005, once involved 17 former KPMG executives and two other individuals. One executive had already pleaded guilty, along with individuals not affiliated with the accountancy firm.
In August last year an appeal court upheld a decision to throw out the indictment of 13 other KPMG executives. Judge Dennis Jacobs said that federal prosecutors had violated the defendants' constitutional right to legal counsel by threatening to indict KPMG if it paid the legal fees of its former partners and employees.
Charges against KPMG were dismissed in 2005 after it paid a $456 million fine."

The European Corporation: Strategy ... - Google Book Search

2008-12-28T16:56:00.000-08:00

The European Corporation: Strategy ... - Google Book Search

"Capitalismo do Reno"

2008-12-28T10:50:00.000-08:00

Com o colapso do capitalismo de matriz anglo-saxónica (o mercado como mecanismo de coordenação de toda a actividade económica e orientação para os resultados de curto prazo), deverá então a sociedade capitalista em que vivemos repensar as suas fundações institucionais.

As ideias que irão vingar não são novas, como se verá a seguir, mas sim são divergentes da quasi-hegemonia do modelo anglo-saxónico (daí a pouca atenção que foi dada) que era visto como aquele que representava maior eficiência económica e por conseguinte maior bem-estar social.

Transcreve-se a definição do "Capitalismo do Reno" retirada do answers.com:

"A system of capitalism characterized by non-market patterns of coordination by economic actors and extensive state-regulation of market outcomes. The term Rhenish Capitalism was popularized by Michel Albert in his book Capitalism vs. Capitalism (1993) and is central to recent research on ‘varieties of capitalism’. Rhenish capitalism is associated with Northern European economies—most centrally Germany but also the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden—and has also been used to characterize Japan. Non-market coordination refers to the engagement by firms, unions, and other social actors of a variety of associational bodies used to develop and renew economic institutions. Examples include collective wage bargaining, vocational training systems, technology transfer initiatives, and credit-based financial systems with ‘stakeholder’ patterns of corporate governance. State regulation supports non-market coordination through accepting many associational agreements as legally binding and through granting statutory bargaining rights to traditionally weak social actors, such as unions within collective bargaining law or employees within ‘codetermination’ or workplace representation law.

The varieties of capitalism literature has compared Rhenish and Anglo-Saxon economies to develop the idea of ‘comparative institutional advantage’. According to this theory, differences in capitalism systems create different patterns of economic adjustment, particularly applied to patterns of commercial innovation. Deep patterns of non-market coordination associated with Rheinisch capitalism create competitive advantages in industries associated with ‘incremental’ innovation or ‘diversified quality production’ such as the machine-tool or speciality chemical industries, but, through creating restraints on the short-term reallocation of resources, create comparative institutional disadvantages in newly developing or ‘radically innovative’ industries such as biotechnology or computer software.

Political research on Rhenish capitalism draws on the literature on democratic corporatism, suggesting that forms of social democracy characterizing the small European economies also exist at the level of the firm. Proponents of Rhenish capitalism argue that strong state regulation creates ‘beneficial constraints’ on employers such as limits on employee dismissals that encourage the development of substantial firm-specific training of employees and patterns of ‘workplace democracy’ that are lacking in Anglo-Saxon forms of capitalism. Critics of Rhenish capitalism argue that long-term employment norms limit the ability of firms to quickly adjust to technological and market changes and create labour market rigidities that contribute to higher unemployment than is typically found in Anglo-Saxon economies. Other critics note that Rhenish capitalism produces cross-class political coalitions between employers and skilled employees that exclude the unemployed and low-skilled (particularly immigrants and, until recent decades, women) from meaningful political representation."

Tendo em conta as vissicitudes da natureza humana, não posso deixar de me afirmar como adepto deste modelo capitalista.

Vamos acompanhar os desenvolvimentos institucionais que se avizinham.

BENEFÍCIOS FISCAIS: PRODUÇÃO DE FILMES

2008-12-23T10:33:00.000-08:00

Com os incentivos abaixo descritos, a França demonstra uma aposta forte na indústria cinematográfica.

International Tax Review, 22/12/2008:

"France creates tax credit for films

The French government is to introduce a tax credit to bring filmmakers from around the world to shoot films in France.
The new regulations will see 20% of the production costs returned and could take up to €4 million ($5.6 million) off the film's budget.
The credit will extend to documentary makers and television and animation productions.
The move is designed to reverse the trend that has seen low-cost Eastern European countries become the favoured location for filmmakers.
The new tax credit rules state that the filming must take place over at least five days and spend at least €1 million ($1.4 million) to qualify."

IRS: UMA ADMINISTRAÇÃO FISCAL MODERNA

2008-12-21T16:18:00.001-08:00

Leia-se a seguinte notícia divulgada pelo IRS. Realcei a negrito a parte final, que demonstra bem o grau de evolução e maturidade da administração fiscal norte-americana.

"Issue Number: IR-2008-144 Inside This Issue

IRS Names Seven New Members to IRPAC WASHINGTON — The Internal Revenue Service today announced the selection of seven new members for the Information Reporting Program Advisory Committee (IRPAC). The appointees will join 27 returning members who are in the second year or third year of a three-year term. “IRPAC provides an important role in the tax administration process,” said IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman. “IRPAC members provide thoughtful perspectives and recommendations on many information reporting issues that help us make the right decisions for taxpayers.” The committee will hold its first meeting on January 27, 2009. The following people have been appointed to serve on the committee: S. Douglas Borisky is counsel with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP in New York, N.Y. Elizabeth T. Dold is a principal attorney in the Groom Law Group in Washington, D.C. Lisa Germano is the president, general counsel and co-founder of the Actuarial Benefits & Design Company in Midlothian, Va. Joan M. Hagen is Managing Director, Financial Management Services, and University Chief Accountant for Indiana University in Bloomington, Ind. Jerri LS Langer is a founding member of Cokala Tax Information Reporting Solutions in Ann Arbor, Mich. Emily L. Lindsay is currently teaching financial accounting and managerial accounting at American University, Kogod School of Business, as Executive-in- Residence in Washington, D.C. Kathy M. Ploch is a tax manager for Zientek & Company, PC in Houston, Texas.

The IRPAC was established in 1991 and focuses on information reporting issues. The committee’s purpose is to provide an organized public forum for discussion of relevant tax administration issues between IRS officials and representatives of the public. "

O presidente Obama já começa a preocupar...

2008-12-17T15:57:00.000-08:00

Notícia da Int. Tax Review de Dezembro 2008

"Tyco changes domicile

Tyco, the US industrial company, is planning to move its tax residence from Bermuda to Switzerland. The change in its place of incorporation needs the approval of a special general meeting of shareholders in March. It is not the only US corporation to be preparing for the same change. Foster Wheeler, an engineering, construction and project management company, and Weatherford, a service supplier in the oil and gas markets, have announced similar plans in recent days.
News reports speculate that American companies are moving out of tax havens now to avoid any penalties that incoming President Barack Obama might impose on US companies that use such locations.
More to follow..."

ENTREVISTA DE LOBO XAVIER

2008-12-14T13:11:00.000-08:00

António Lobo Xavier concedeu uma entrevista à revista TOC n.º 104 (Novembro/2008), donde se destacam as seguintes afirmações que lhe são atribuídas:

1. "(...) A partir dos dados do Relatório do Conselho Superior dos Tribunais Administrativos e Fiscais e dos dados da própria administração fiscal, calculo que estejam hoje em litígio, quer por via administrativa quer nos tribunais, entre cinco e sete milhões de euros."

2. "(...) Os incentivos estão mal orientados. Os funcionários têm incentivos e prémios para a liquidação dos impostos e não sofrem as consequências quando têm de os devolver aos contribuintes."

3. "Só se deveria premiar as pessoas pelo resultado definitivo. Não faz sentido estimular cobranças temerárias, não fundamentadas, em muitos casos surrealistas, que outras gerações ou outros governos pagarão. (...) A administração não cumpre espontaneamente as sentenças. Não conheço caso algum em que, tendo o contribuinte ganho, a administração cumpra a sentença e devolva o que foi cobrado a mais. Em geral, temos que ir com acções de execução da sentença."

Estará alguém disponível para fazer o contraditório destas afirmações atribuídas a Lobo Xavier na citada entrevista?

Debate de ideias

2008-12-10T15:02:00.000-08:00

É uma pena não assitirmos em Portugal à organização de conferências como esta.

DESPEDIMENTOS NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO FISCAL INGLESA

2008-12-10T14:55:00.000-08:00

Notícia da ITR:

"UK tax authorities announces job cuts and office closures

International Tax Review --> -->

HM Revenue & Customs in the UK will close 93 offices across the country and cut over 3,400 jobs by 2011, said the Public and Commercial Services (PCS) union which represents over 70,000 HMRC employees.
The cuts followed a regional review programme which began in 2006. HMRC consulted staff, trade unions and key external stakeholders on its proposals.
The PCS has warned that the closures will be bad for business, the public and the taxpayer and will lead to the loss of valuable skills and expertise.
"As the recession worsens this will come as a bitter blow to a dedicated workforce and will lead to a loss of valuable knowledge and expertise," said a union spokesperson.
"Job cuts are already damaging the ability of HMRC to function and undermining public confidence in the department," he said."

UBS: Acompanhamento

2008-12-10T05:27:00.000-08:00

Foi dito neste blog que se iriam acompanhar os desenvolvimentos do "Caso UBS".

Divulga-se a seguir a notícia publicada na International Tax Review.

"UBS forced to name US tax evadersDavid Stevenson --> -->

UBS has finally succumbed to US pressure and will release the names of an unspecified number of American customers who may have committed tax fraud.
The US has been asking the Swiss bank to share client information since it indicted one of its executives for aiding tax fraud in November.
The US authorities have requested information on US-domiciled holders of Swiss-based accounts at UBS. Under Swiss law the bank cannot turn over Swiss-based client data to any foreign authorities. "Pursuant to a Switzerland-US treaty, these matters go through an administrative assistance process. The administrative assistance proceedings are a matter between the relevant domestic and foreign authorities and the UBS clients concerned, UBS is not a party to these proceedings," said a spokesperson for UBS.
This will not signal the end of Swiss banking secrecy laws. "Contrary to the idea conjured up in public discussions, banking secrecy is not absolutely valid. It is not there to protect cases of tax fraud," Peter Kurer, UBS chairman, is reported to have said.
Swiss law distinguishes between tax evasion and tax fraud. Tax fraud is considered a criminal matter and those involved cannot hide behind banking secrecy laws. "Banking secrecy is misunderstood," said Rolf Wüthrich, a senior tax partner at Vischer, a law firm in Switzerland. "It is not absolute secrecy and can be lifted to aid criminal proceedings."
The use of financial instruments to avoid paying tax is not considered a crime in Switzerland But there are rumours that the Swiss authorities may reach a settlement with the US authorities in their long-running investigations into alleged tax evasion in there. If the Swiss start lifting banking secrecy rules to aid investigations into tax evasion this would be a significant departure from their position now.
"UBS was running the risk of losing its banking licence. It was this threat of having its license revoked that prompted the bank to act," said Wüthrich.
However, others are not so sure. "I doubt that the US would have revoked UBS's banking license due to the size and stature of the bank. Although if the US authorities believed that UBS was one of the main culprits for the significant loss of tax revenues then it is possible," said an advisor who did not wish to be named.
About 19,000 US citizens have money in Swiss accounts. "It would be logistically impossible to go through all of the accounts held by US citizens," said Wüthrich.
"The US Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are examining UBS's conduct in relation to cross-border services provided to US-domiciled clients by UBS client advisors based in Switzerland. The Department of Justice is examining whether certain US clients sought, with the assistance of UBS client advisors, to evade their US tax obligations," said Byrne.
The US does not distinguish tax evasion and tax fraud as clearly as their Swiss counterparts. However, the Swiss government has the final say regarding the release of banking information to foreign authorities. At present, this will only be done where there have been allegations of criminal tax fraud and not tax evasion."

Mostra-se importante notar que os conceitos de evasão fiscal e fraude fiscal têm uma importância relevante na disponibilização de informação por parte das autoridades suiças.

Tax Governance Institute (TGI)

2008-12-07T04:49:00.000-08:00

Link para o TGI.

Órgão de Administração: Falar verdade!

2008-11-29T13:45:00.000-08:00

Podem aqui ser consultadas orientações que os administradores devem ter em conta na avaliação do princípio da empresa em continuidade, efectuando uma correcta avaliação dos riscos e acima de tudo que os riscos identificados sejam divulgados nas demonstrações financeiras, para que os utentes possam efectuar uma correcta avaliação das perspectivas futuras.

Comissões de Auditoria: Mais atenção!

2008-11-29T13:42:00.000-08:00

Pode aqui consultar as questões que uma comissão de auditoria deve ter em conta nestes tempos de crise, na sua função de supervisão do processo de relato finaceiro.

AUDITORIA: NOVA LEGISLAÇÃO

2008-11-29T13:08:00.000-08:00

Foram publicados dois diplomas que vêm alterar substancialmente o enquadramento legal da função de auditoria.

De destacar a criação do Conselho Nacional de Supervisão de Auditoria (CNSA) que passa a deter poderes que anteriormente eram exercidos pela OROC.

Decreto-Lei n.º 225/2008, de 20 de Novembro: cria o CNSA

Decreto-Lei n.º 224, 2008, de 20 de Novembro: altera e republica o Estatuto da Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais de Contas, aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 487/99, de 16 de Novembro.

Estas alterações irão alterar drásticamente o exercício da actividade de auditoria em Portugal e resultam da transposição da Directiva 2006/43/CE.

De acordo com este relatório da Comissão Europeia, Portugal adoptou todos os artigos da Directiva.

As economias com uma cultura aproximada da nossa, Espanha e Itália, não adoptaram entre 16 e 30 artigos da Directiva.

UBS: Novos desenvolvimentos

2008-11-18T16:22:00.000-08:00

Neste post alertei para as notícias relacionadas com o UBS (banco suiço) constatando o seu envolvimento em esquemas de fraude fiscal, dando conta de que era interessante acompanhar os desenvolvimentos, tendo em consideração que pareciam existir algumas semelhanças com a "Operação Furacão".

Transcrevo então a seguinte notícia publicada dia 18 de Novembro na International Tax Review:
US charges Swiss banker with tax fraud

A senior executive with Swiss bank UBS has been charged with conspiring with other executives, managers, private bankers and clients of the banking firm to defraud the US.
The indictment issued by the Justice Department and Internal Revenue Service alleges that between 2002 and 2007, Raoul Weil oversaw the Swiss bank's cross-border private banking business that provided services to some 20,000 US clients who reportedly concealed about $20 billion in assets from the IRS. Weil allegedly referred to this business as "toxic waste" and mandated that Swiss bankers grow the cross-border business despite knowing that this would cause bankers to violate US law.
This indictment comes at a time of increased pressure on Switzerland from the US and EU to relax its banking secrecy laws. Some Swiss commentators are taking the US moves far more seriously than those emanating from the EU.
"Peer Steinbrücker (German finance minister) is shouting a lot but he is not making use of procedures that could resolve the situation. He is more concerned with making political headway ahead of Germany's election next year," said a Swiss tax adviser who did not wish to be named.
Switzerland is paying more attention to the US, especially after the charges against Weil. "This indictment indicates that there will be an increase in pressure on Swiss banking laws from the US. The whole situation will have an impact on the Swiss banking market," said the tax adviser.
It is unclear how the Swiss banking market will respond to the indictment. UBS is reviewing the type of cross-border services they offer to US clients, although given the size of the market it is unlikely they will stop private client banking. However, even though the bank is willing to cooperate with the US authorities, it is unable to do so without breaking Swiss banking secrecy laws.
"This move signals a definite push on behalf of governmental agencies to increase the pressure on Switzerland," said Edward Tanenbaum, an attorney with US law firm Alston & Bird. "There will be a lot more legislative changes. For instance the government will seek to tighten up the qualified intermediary system,"
The qualified intermediary system allows foreign banks to obtain relief from withholding tax for their non-US clients. UBS had entered into a contractual agreement with the IRS known as the QI Agreement.
"In 2007 it was shown that there were holes in QI contracts that allow for certain types of tax structures to be used. Under the current contract UBS has done nothing wrong," said a tax adviser.
After recent events it is unclear whether the US will still offer this tax break to foreign banks.

Sustainability At Work

2008-10-29T11:03:00.001-07:00

A sustentabilidade é muitas vezes vista como retórica utilizada pelas organizações, não existindo medidas concretas para avaliar o esforço que é feito para o cumprimento de um objectivo de longo prazo para a Humanidade: O Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

Este site visa então que se passe da retórica à prática, tendo um conjunto de sugestões para a prática e relato da sustentabilidade e também uma framework para a integração da sustentabilidade na estratégia das organizações.

PROFESSORES

2008-10-26T05:47:00.001-07:00

Na barra lateral - separador "Professores" - foi adicionada a ligação à página de Stephen H. Penman.

É o autor do livro Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation (1.ª edição em 2001) que é de facto dos melhores livros sobre Valuation.

Tive conhecimento deste livro através do Professor da FEP José António Moreira.

OFFSHORES

2008-10-25T15:17:00.001-07:00

Numa altura em que se assiste a um debate internacional sobre os efeitos perniciosos dos offshores na crise financeira actual (que já está a afectar a economia real), encontrei este sítio (Tax Justice Network) que se dedica a denunciar e justificar a extinção destas jurisdições.

Fragmentos de Auditoria, Contabilidade e Fiscalidade

Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, absorption costing, excess inventory

Pages - Global IIA Home

Antena 1 - Entrevista a João Pedro Martins

Encerramento de uma etapa

Nova Revista

Nova Revista

Will a departure from tax-based accounting encourage tax noncompliance? Archival evidence from a transition economy

The Tax Foundation - Educating Taxpayers Since 1937

Enterprise Resource Planning

Cuidado com a frivolidade dos argumentos

Predicting Material Accounting Misstatements

Did Fair-Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?

Novo link

Combate à Fraude ao IVA na UE: Estado da Arte

Crime de "Colarinho Branco"

Parece que o IVA vai chegar aos EUA... E em Portugal, vai-se fazer o quê?

Tax Governance Institute Webcast

Will the U.S. Adopt a Value-added Tax (VAT)?

Para quando uma Directiva relativa ao inposto sobre o rendimento?

Conferência...

Um Óptimo Artigo de Síntese

Regime Simplificado

Um momento importante para mim

Revista Fiscal Studies

Scott Dyreng

E em Portugal, como é?

Procedimento de inspecção

Internal Revenue Service no Youtube

Qualidade da Contabilidade e IAS/IFRS

Conformidade contabilístico-fiscal

Sociedades de Profissionais

Uma voz discordante

IVA: Acórdão sobre direito à dedução

Acórdão sobre ajudas de custo

The European Corporation

Curso sobre a Directiva do IVA

ITR de Julho Agosto de 2009

The Corporate City

FMI: afinal a culpa da crise foi da Fiscalidade

David A. Weisbach

Jared Moore - uma referência a acompanhar

Jared Moore

Mary Ellen Phillips Assistant Professor of Accounting

Biography:

Petro Lisowsky

Michelle Hanlon

Sonja O. Rego

Nova revista

Contra a corrente

Nova revista

International Journal of Auditing

ABSTRACT:

Auditoria Forense

Justo Valor

Financial Stability Forum: Missão

Novo recurso

Business for Social Responsability

SSRN-Tax Compliance by Luigi Franzoni

Taxation Papers

Joost...

Trabalho não declarado

Tax and Corporate Governance

Tax Compliance and Tax Morale

Joost..

DISCURSO DE PAUL BOYLE

IAS/IFRS e SNC

Quem nos salva?

Divulgação de Website

"E o Povo, Pá?"

Entidades sem Fins Lucrativos: Relatório da OCDE

A Gestão de Topo Cria Valor para os Accionistas?

Medida anti-crise (a sério)

USA: Tabelas de Retenção na Fonte

TAX GAP DATABASE

O Caso UBS: Acto Final

CNSA

PROBLEMA DE AGÊNCIA

É PRECISO ENCONTRAR RECEITAS

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